Chakrapani V, Newman PA, Shunmugam M, Dubrow R, Barriers to free antiretroviral treatment access among Kothi-identified men who have sex with men and aravanis (transgender women) in Chennai, India, 2011: AIDS Care, Vol: 23, No: 12, p1687-1694.

The authors explores barriers to ART access among kothis (men who have sex with men [MSM] whose gender expression is feminine) and aravanis (transgender women, also known as hijras) living with HIV in Chennai using six focus groups and four key-informant interviews. They identified barriers to ART access at the family/social-level, health care system-level, and individual-level and also found that the barriers were highly interrelated.